Research on Carbon Control Quantitative Architectural Design Techniques and Training of New Architectural Talents

　　Zhang Hong, Director of the Institute of Architectural Technology and Science, School of Architecture, Southeast University

Professor Zhang Hong delivered a speech on the theme of "Carbon Control Quantitative Architectural Design Technology and Method Research and New Architectural Talents Training". The first topic is to take carbon emission quantitative research and quantitative carbon control as an example to see how the School of Architecture establishes design technology and methods In support of carbon control, he shared and communicated from three sections: research on the phase division of building life cycle, automatic calculation technology of carbon emission in the whole life cycle of building, carbon emission calculation and software development for design optimization. The second is the research content, knowledge expansion and personnel training of new architecture. He pointed out that the knowledge structure of classic architecture is mainly in art, humanities, and works, and what is produced is the work. We want to do quantitative architectural design methods, which can be defined as component-based architectural design theories and methods, and systematically construct product-oriented architectural design. In the past, it was a method of cultivating talents and teaching qualitative architectural design. Now we need to build quantitative architecture. Design techniques and methods, so the establishment of performance-optimized architectural design methods is particularly important.       

Text record:

Zhang Hong: Hello, online and offline experts. What I am sharing with you today is talent training, how architecture can follow up, and how to cultivate quantitative architectural design talents who control carbon. Real industrialization requires the support of a large number of architectural talents, because they make contributions in this field at the project end and product research and development end. There is a shortage of talents in this area. Traditional architecture has not systematically trained talents in this direction. Southeast The University School of Architecture has conducted 17 years of research and attempts in this area, and is currently in the postgraduate stage and is already systematically cultivating talents. At the undergraduate stage, we are currently promoting with the Ministry of Education. Under the guidance of the Ministry of Education, we must also combine this with the promotion of new undergraduate majors. Therefore, we would like to share with you today how to cultivate quantitative architectural design talents in architecture.

Two reports today:

First, take quantitative research on carbon emissions and quantitative carbon control as an example to see how the School of Architecture establishes design techniques and methods to support carbon control.

In the past, architecture mainly operated on qualitative content. Its form, space, artistry, and humanity belonged to qualitative architectural design. However, to do carbon-control architectural design, there must be quantitative architectural design theories, techniques and methods. In this piece, I would like to share our research with you.

1. Research on phase division of building life cycle

First of all, it is necessary to study how the whole life cycle of a building is divided. This area must be unified in order to combine the calculation results and calculation content of each stage of carbon emissions with carbon control design and carbon control technology.

Under what circumstances is the full life cycle established? In fact, the full life cycle is a cycle, which is established for material recycling. Coca-Cola Company first established the concept of the full life cycle on how to recycle bottles, and gradually introduced it to the construction field. Now What I saw was a 2011 standard in Europe. The whole life cycle is divided into three major stages: production, construction, operation and maintenance, demolition and waste disposal. In this field, according to the national conditions and actual project needs and characteristics, the team of Southeast University divided the whole life cycle of the building into seven stages: the first is the preparation stage of materials; the second is the production stage of material components, and the third is the transfer stage of components. The fourth is the assembly stage, the fifth is the operation and maintenance stage, the sixth is the transformation and reuse stage, and the seventh is the demolition and reuse stage. Such a seven-stage cycle basically controls a prefabricated building in seven stages. This is the division of the seven stages of the whole life cycle we are currently doing.

2. Research on Automatic Calculation Technology of Building Life Cycle Carbon Emissions

We have studied the calculation model according to the seven stages, and its statistical tables. We have been working on the series of tables proposed by the Wu Department just now, and we have been doing it for a long time. The characteristic of our team is to use BIM technology to automatically generate these forms, so that we can obtain a good foundation for the support software development later. The second stage is the manufacturing stage of components, and the third stage is the logistics transshipment stage. These have calculation models and consensuses as well as main control items, contents, and calculation boundaries. This is the prefabricated construction stage, and the following is the operation and maintenance stage. In the stage of renovation and reuse, the current national policy is to renovate and reuse, because it is necessary to extend the service life of the building, which mainly refers to this stage. The last is the dismantling and reuse stage, and the digitization of each stage, including quantification, is established as a basis.

For some special projects, such as transportation, we have done special research, also gave a consensus, and published SII papers to do specific quantification in this regard.

We divide carbon emission research and quantitative calculation into the following five features:

1) Collaborative creation, collection, analysis, and application of data based on BIM, which is followed by efficient transportation and analysis.

2) Establish a database that supports the calculation of carbon emissions throughout the life cycle. With the library, a series of libraries such as various labor, materials, and time can support efficient calculations.

3) Standard data format is adopted. We mainly establish ISC international standards to carry out multivariate data fusion and data unification. Different software can be used for engineering management and design control.

4) We are a school of architecture, and we especially emphasize the integration with the designer's front-end software to carry out positive design for carbon control. At the front end, we can allow architects to quantify carbon emissions through plug-ins and optimize the plan at the same time. This work is very important, because I will say later that the efficiency of this work is the highest at the front end, and the efficiency becomes lower as it goes further.

5) Continuous design optimization at all stages of the building life cycle. From the scheme to the preliminary development to the construction drawing to the detailed design, each stage has the content of carbon emission optimization.

To do this, there must be calculation examples, and our team keeps track of the calculation examples. Let me give you an example. This is a competition venue for the China International Decathlon. This house is componentized and decomposed into various types of components. This house was built in August 2018 within four years. It has undergone three dismantling works. During each work process of dismantling and construction, our team followed the whole process, including the decomposition and dismantling, installation, and transfer of the BIM model. The steps are tracked throughout the process, and the energy consumption in the middle is actually recorded in a form, so that the basis for calculation is established. This is the first disassembly and assembly situation.

This is dismantled after installation, and then transported to the second place. This is the second time it is built and then dismantled. After it was dismantled from there, it was rebuilt on this site. This house was built within 20 days, using large components to build. This is the second build process.

This is the situation when the house is built, including the interior, which is completed and put into use within 20 days.

The third time it was demolished from Dezhou, Shandong, and it took more than a month to build it in the four-pailou community of Southeast University. This is the situation of the base. How to build it is the effect of the construction. Appeared, after three cycles, we are recording and researching carbon emissions throughout the process. This is the generated form. These form systems use BIM software to carry out componentized input parameters and input carbon emission data, based on factors such as time, labor, and project management. , factors, these tables are automatically generated. Therefore, it is calculated that the first carbon emission of C-HOUSE is 225 tons in the construction material preparation stage, which is the first component production stage, and the carbon emission is 11 tons. The component transfer is 1.81 tons, followed by the assembly of 20.34 tons, so that we have formed a measurement, simulation and actual comparison, so that this data can be more accurate. We optimized and trimmed these data on the basis of comparison, and finally got this table. The total carbon emission of one-time construction is 258.39 tons, and the distribution is 88% in the material preparation stage, 7% in the production and component assembly stage, and 7% in the component The production stage is 4%, and the component transfer is 1%, which is probably the proportion. From this table, it can be seen that before operation and maintenance, materials account for the bulk of the carbon emissions. The materials used to make components and build houses account for the bulk of carbon emissions. Therefore, today's meeting has a very big advantage in how to use bulk building materials to build houses.

These two tables have been in operation for three and a half years, and there is an operation and maintenance phase. Since this house is a house with production capacity, it is negative carbon, with a negative 1.47%, and the ratio has changed. You can look at this table. The proportion has changed, but 69% is still in the material preparation stage. In three and a half years, the material preparation still accounts for the majority. 25% of multiple constructions, the carbon emissions of the construction are also increasing, because this house is productive, and the operation and maintenance process is negative carbon. The longer the operation and maintenance time, the higher the negative carbon ratio. If this house It is not for production capacity. If its thermal insulation efficiency is relatively low, it will consume energy continuously during the operation and maintenance process. Of course, it will also continuously increase carbon emissions during operation and maintenance. Therefore, it can also be seen why we want to build a high-capacity house. Renewable energy plays a role in the new round of construction and renovation of urban and rural houses, and this capacity can balance the carbon emissions in the construction process.

The table here is that the house is renewable, or the reusability of the components is very high, 99% of the components can be reused, and only 1% of the materials used in each cycle of construction are consumable materials that need to be replenished. In this logic Next, we conducted further research and calculations. These three constructions were recycled twice, and now the net carbon emission of this house has reached 0.16 tons. House recycling is an important technical method for reducing carbon and low carbon. If you think about it, this is also the case. If the house is only used once, a large amount of garbage will be generated after demolition, and the carbon emissions will be very high. And it can be recycled, which can reduce or greatly reduce carbon emissions. The following is a calculation process, I will not read it, you can read it, the final conclusion is that the cycle was repeated twice, and the construction was repeated three times, and the carbon saving efficiency was quite high.

Therefore, we give an efficiency and aim at saving carbon. In the selection of building materials, low-carbon materials and recyclable material technologies should be selected as much as possible. Therefore, wooden structures and bamboo structures have inherent advantages in this, because they can save carbon at the source. In a sense, architecture is to prevent the carbon emissions solidified in the components from returning to nature as soon as possible. In building components, prolonging the service life of the building is a good way to save carbon. It is also possible to use low-carbon materials as components, which can enhance the efficiency in this area. Therefore, wood structures and bamboo structures have inherent advantages in this regard. should be vigorously developed.

Of course it is very important to develop such a house, what kind of building type we should use to serve the society is very important. Because wooden structures and bamboo structures also have inherent defects, it is not advantageous to build high-rise buildings, which is worth thinking about. In addition, the reuse rate of components should be improved as much as possible, which can also reduce carbon and save carbon.

This is a basic data. The production of one ton of cement will produce about one ton of carbon dioxide emissions, and one ton of natural wood will absorb about one ton of natural carbon dioxide and release 0.75 tons of oxygen. Obviously, wood is energy-saving and emission-reducing. This part, the building components, has inherent advantages and should be

It should be vigorously developed.

Looking back at wood structure technology, traditional Chinese architecture, whether it is folk or official, uses a large number of wooden components, but like this picture, no matter whether it is a palace or a folk building, we have not formed a mechanism that can reduce wood and strengthen it. Performance components, what components? It mainly refers to the horizontal components. The vertical components are all the same, they are all columns, but the horizontal components are different. We use mortise and riveting to connect. This is a wooden structure spread in the Song Dynasty. The horizontal direction is also a large number of wood accumulations. It is very tall and can span some long-span component systems, but relatively speaking, it has not been developed, and it has not been developed in a large number of houses. Therefore, they produced a large number of wooden trusses. According to the slope and form of the house, there are a large number of wooden truss systems in the West, which have good advantages in house types and house construction. But we are not without advantages. In high-rise buildings, such as Yingxian Wooden Pagoda, which has been around for more than a thousand years, there are oblique supports in its dark layer. This circle is surrounded by trusses, which enhances the overall stability of the building. This area will continue to be researched and summarized. It will also be developed in the subsequent application process, or the performance of the structure will be greatly improved.

3. Carbon emission calculation and design optimization software development

We have done a lot of work on software development. This is the supervision platform for prefabricated buildings in Nanjing, and all prefabricated buildings can be associated with it. This is the house just now. We are doing carbon emission calculations, and we also need a strong Background support and data processing. At the same time, we have developed a carbon emission calculation software, which is software for architects. It is developed and used by architects in the planning stage, and optimized at the source. This picture shows that the efficiency of optimization at the source is the highest. , the further back the efficiency becomes lower. Therefore, low-carbon buildings, zero-carbon buildings, including green building design that architects participate in are quite important, and can be optimized at the source, and our school of architecture should also do this.

This is a cyclical table with measurement results and data. After the automatic measurement does not meet this standard, it is particularly important to continue to make plans in a loop. Finally, it is especially important for architects to master quantitative design optimization methods.

Second, new architecture research content, knowledge expansion and personnel training.

This table illustrates this problem. The knowledge structure of classic architecture is mainly in art, humanities, and works, and works are produced. We want to do quantitative architectural design methods, and there is a set of methods, which we define as component method architectural design theory and methods. We need to systematically construct product-oriented architectural design. In the past, it was the method of cultivating talents and teaching qualitative architectural design. Now It is necessary to establish quantitative architectural design techniques and methods and teach them this knowledge, so the establishment of performance-optimized architectural design methods is particularly important. To this end, we need to carry out basic research and key technology research and development. Just now I took C-HOUSE as an example to share how we do it. The outer circle is BIM, CIM, Internet of Things, and intelligence.

Therefore, we have established quantitative architectural design methods, architectural design for construction, architectural design for performance, and intelligent architectural design, so as to support the cultivation of new architectural talents, and support the architectural design of energy conservation, emission reduction, and performance improvement in the industry.

The country and various ministries and commissions have issued a lot of papers and indicators in the fields of prefabricated buildings, green buildings, low-carbon buildings, and new building industrialization. How should architectural design and architecture respond to the arrival of this large-scale era? Put this question before us. Because of quantitative architectural design, let’s reflect on architecture. In the past, architecture or classical architecture was based on self-cultivation, humanities and art as the theme, and designed for the form, space and function of buildings. This is the architect. It lacks Content based on quantitative, it is qualitative. How to quantify it? We conduct quantitative research on the material composition, construction and performance of buildings to study the design methods that support it. We increase the performance on the original basis, and train new architects in the middle, so the framework of architectology has been expanded. This picture shows what has been expanded. The original five circles in the middle are newly expanded.

The current status of architecture is the work mode. With the support of quantitative architectural design and methods, not only works, but also products, like the current large number of factories, including 300 factories, need the support of product model design talents. Our School of Architecture It is the responsibility to cultivate talents in this area.

This is a summary, I don’t want to read it anymore, I want to explain that we have established a new knowledge framework to make architecture responsible, push architecture from traditional classic architecture to new architecture, and promote low-carbon , the realization and development of dual carbon goals, promote the transformation and upgrading of industrial modernization, and achieve sustainable development. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop a new type of architecture that combines qualitative and quantitative.

I want to work hard with everyone to do what universities should and must do in terms of talent cultivation. This is the end of my exchange with you today, thank you!